L11. PROTEIN AND EVOLUTION

L11. Protein and evolution

1. Introduction

Cytochrome C is a small protein from eukariotic cell associated wirh the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Is a hemprotein and produce energy. Is an essential component of the electron transport chain.

Genes are made of DNA and are inherited from parent to offspring. Some DNA sequences code for mRNA which, in turn, codes for the amino acid sequence of proteins, Cytochrome C is a protein involved in using energy in the cell.
Cytochrome C is found in most, if not all, known eukaryotes. Over time, random mutations in the DNA sequence occur. As a result, the amino acid sequence of cytochrome C also changes. Cells without usuable cytochrome C are unlikely to survive.

2. Objectives

To compare the relatedness between organisms by examining the amino acid sequence in the protein, Cytochrome C.

3. Procedure

First of all compare the amino acid sequence of Cytochrome C in various organisms. Mark the amino acids which are different. Use the exemple to show you how.
Count and record the total number of differences ans share your data with the rest of the class and complete Table 1.
After, make a branching tree or cladogram using the data in Table 1.

4. Conclusions

As far from each other and are more differences further evolutionarily aminoacids. Are grouped by groups of animals.


5. Questions

1. How many Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences are there between chickens and turkey?

0


2. Make a branching tree, or cladogram for chickens, penguins, and turkeys.

chicken- turkey : 0
turkey - penguin: 3







3.

a) Predict the number of Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences you would expect to see between:

i. Horse and zebra: 1-2
ii. Donkey and zebra: 1-2

b) What other information did you use to make this prediction?

If they can reproduce and the offspring is festile.

5. List three other things used to determine how organisms are related to each other.

Comparing the organs, anatomic prove, embrions..

6. Explian why more closely related organisms have more similar Cytochrome C.

Evolutionarily not so long ago parted hence have not so many mutations.

7. Other data, including other genes, suggest that fugi are more closely related to animals than plants. What are some reasons that the Cytochrome C data suggest that fugi, plants, and animals are equally distantly related?

Have a very high name mutations plants therefore are further from the yeast. When it exceeds the number 40 that organism dies.