ACTIVITAT ENZIMÀTICA DE LA CATALASA EN DIFERENTS TEIXITS ANIMALS I VEGETALS

Activitat enzimàtica de la catalasa en diferents teixits animals i vegetals

Material:

• Diferents teixits animals
• Patata i tomàquet
• Tub d'assaig de coll ampla
• Tap de suro
• Termòmetre
• Peu amb pinça
• Aigua oxigenada al 3%
• Pinces
• Bisturí

Protocol:

Experiment 1:

1. Tallarem la patata en un tros i el tomàquet que pesin més o menys el mateix ( 1cm3 aprox.)

2. També tallarem un tros de fetge de la mateixa mida i pes.

3. Ho posarem en tres tubs: 

       1r tub: patata + 5ml d'aigua destil•lada

       2n tub: tomàquet + 5ml d'aigua destil•lada

       3r tub: pastanaga + 5ml d'aigua destil•lada

       4rt tub: fetge + 5ml d'aigua destil•lada

       5e tub: cor + 5ml d'aigua destil•lada

4. Posarem 2 ml d'aigua oxigenada i marcarem l'alçada que assoleixen les bombolles en cada tub. Mesurarem aquesta alçada en mm.

Experiment 2:

         1r tub: tros de teixit animal a tenperatura ambient (1cm3)

         2n tub: tros de teixit animal amb 10 ml d'HCl al 10%

         3r tub: tros de teixit animal congelat

         4rt tub: tros de teixit animal bullit

         5e tub: tros de teixit submergit en una dissolució saturada de NaCl

Afegirem 2 ml d'aigua oxigenada i anotarem l'alçada de les bombolles.

Preguntes:

Experiment 1:

Variable dependent i indepenent?

La dependent és l'alçada de les bombolles i la independent els diferents teixits.

Problema què es vol inventigar?

Quin teixit presenta més activitat en la catalasa?

Explicació dels resultats:

Els teixits animals presenten més activitat, sobretot el fetge.

Experiment 2:

Variable dependent i independent?

La variable dependent és el que mesurem i la independent son els diferents tractaments.

Problema què es vol investigar?

Quin teixit animal presenta més activitat en la catalasa segons el tractament?

Explicació dels resultats:

A temperatura ambient hi ha més reacció.

Quina és la funció de la catalasa en els teixits animals i vegetals? On es troba aquest enzim?

La funció és trencar l'aigua oxigenada en aigua més oxigen. La catalasa la trobem en els peroxisomes.

Per què quan ens fem una ferida ens posem aigua oxigenada?

Perquè com conté oxigen els bacteria que son aerobics no poden sobreviure i moren.

L19. MITOSI

L19. MITOSI

1. Material

• microscope
• slide
• coverslip
• dropper
• needle
• watch glass
• Beaker
• forceps
• filter paper
• distilled water
• orcein A and B
• water                                                                                                           This is a metaphase
• onions                                                                                                               NA = 40 x 10

2. Objective

Find the various phases of cell divisions onion.


3. Procedure

Keep a few days an onion on a beaker filled with water, so that the lower pate of the bulb, which is where the roots emerge, is in contact with water.
when the roots have grown a little, will cut about four centimeters from the tip i place it in a glass clock and we put orcein A and leave for 2 minutes.

then we take a wooden pegs and the burne heat the sample until the orcein to disappear a little. We put orcein B i put a slide cover and observed under a microscope.

                                                This is a metaphase
                                                     NA = 40 x 10

This is a metaphase                                                                      This is a anaphase    NA = 40 x 15
NA = 40 x 15

L18.PHOTOSYNTHESIS

L18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. Material

• Algae
• Beaker
• Test tube
• Funnel
• Sodium bicarbonate solution
• Light source
• Metric ruler

2. Objective

1. Relate the light intensity with the photosynthesis process.
2. Measure the rate  of photosynthesis.
3. Identify the products of the process and the variables that can affect it.

3. Procedure

First of all, take a big beaker and every group will place a sprig of algae under a clear funnel inside the beaker. Place the wide end of the funnel over the algae as the image you have below. The funnel is raised off the bottom on pieces of blue - tack to allow unhampered diffusion of CO2 to Elodea.

After, fill the beaker  with the sodium bicarbonate solution and the algae and the funnel should be completely under the solution.

Fill a test tube with the solution. Place your thumb over the end of the test tube. Turn the test tube upside down, taking care that no air enters.

Mark the level of solution on the surface of the test tube. More late, place your preparation close to a light source and each group will place its preparation in a different distance from the light souce.

Our group use the 25 cm.

Measure the temperature and finally, leave the preparation 1 hour and a half and after this time measure the difference of gas accumulation on the top of the test tube.

4. Questions

1. Identify the dependent and idependent variable of this experiment.

The dependent variable is the gas accumulation and the independent is the distance of light.

2. Using the data from your results prepare a graph and describe what happened to the amount of gas in the test tube.

3. How much gas was produced in the test tube after 1 hour? And 1 hour and a half?

t0 = 10:11       The difference of water in test tube is 0,5 cm.

t0 = 22ºC

t15= 22ºC

t49= 23ºC

t99= 25ºC

4. Write the photosynthesis equation. Explain each part of the equation. Which substances are produced  by photosynthesis? Which gas is produced that we need in order to live?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O ------------- C6H12O6 + 6 O2

O2 -------- CO2

L17. CELL ORGANELLES

L17. Cell organelles

 

Tomato chromoplasts

4 x 10 = 40x

Tomato chromoplasts 40 x 10 = 400x

Potato amyloplasts 
 stained with lugol

10 x 40 = 400x

Potato amyloplasts 
 stained with lugol

10 x 100 = 1000x

chromoplast red cabbage

15 x 10 = 150x

chromoplast red cabbage

15 x 40 = 600x

stoma of a red cabbage

15 x 40 = 600x

L16. LIFE IN A DROP OF WATER

L16. LIFE IN A DROP OF WATER

In this picture we see a unicellular eukaryotic organism protozou flagel that moves through the water.

They move very quickly until light microscope makes them go slower and photographs i could make videos.

Thanks to its movement causes undulations in the water getting nutrients carried to the mouth.

In this video we can see a small flagel that moves across the surface and a body that moves up and down.

L15. GRAM STAINING

L15. Gram staining

1. Introduction

Gram staining is a method of differentiating bacterial spieces into two large groups, gram positive and gram negarive. This differentation is based by the chemical and physical properties the their cell walls by detecting a peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in gram -  positive bacteria.

Gram - negative: color pink
Gram - positive: color purple

2. Material

• 1 slide
• 1 cover slip
• Tongs
• Needle
• Gram stain
• Decolorize reagent : 96% ethanol
• Microscope
• Yogurt

3. Objectives

• Differentiate yogurt bacteria.
• Relate the staining procedure with the structure of the cells.

4. Procedure

First of all, prepare a heat-fixed sample of the bacteria to be stained and cover the smear with crystal violet for an exposure of 1 min.

After, rinse with distilled water and apply iodine solution for 1 min and again, rinse the sample with distilled water.

Decolorize using ethanol. Drop by drop until the purpule stops flowing. Wash immediately with disitilled water.

Cover the sample  with the safranin stain for an exposure time of 45 seconds and rinse the shample with distilled water.

Finally, gently dry the slide with paper.

L14. EPIDERMIS CELLS

L14. Epidermis cells

1. Material

• 1 slide
• 1 cover slip
• Distilled water
• 10% salt water
• Scissors
• Needle

2. Objectives

• Identify the shape of epidermis cells
• Identify and explore the parts of stoma
• Measure dimensions of the entire cell and the stoma

3. Procedure

PLANTS CELLS OBSERVATION:

First of all cut the stalk of the leek and in the place of the cut, pull out the transparent part of the epidermis using forceps.

After, using the brush, place the peel onto the slide containing a drop of the water and take a cover slip and place it gently on the peel with the aid of a needle.
View it in the microscope.

After, describe the change in the shape of the cells and finally, draw a diagram with the part of a stome.

SALT TREATMENT:

First of all, prepare a 10% of salt solution and put the salt with a dropper on the left part of the slide.

Then, place a piece of cellulose paper in the opposite part of the cover slip, and let the dissolution to go through your sample.

4. Questions

1. What is the major function of a cell membrane?

2. What is the major function of the cell wall?

3. How does salt affect the cells shape? And the stomes?